![]() ![]() The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food, The State of Western Australia and The University of Western Australia accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from the use or release of this information or any part of it. This fact-sheet has been funded by the Healthy Soils for Sustainable Farms programme, an initiative of the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust in partnership with the GRDC, and the WA NRM regions of Avon Catchment Council and South Coast NRM, through National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality and National Landcare Programme investments of the WA and Australian Governments. National Land and Water Resources Audit.Īuthors: Katharine Brown (The University of Western Australia) and Andrew Wherrett (Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia). NLWRA (2001) Australian Agricultural Assessment 2001. McKenzie NJ, Jacquier DJ, Isbell RF, Brown KL (2004) Australian Soils and Landscapes An Illustrated Compendium. McKenzie N, Coughlan K and Cresswell H (2002) Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation For Land Evaluation. The University of Western Australia: Nedlands, WA. Hunt N and Gilkes R (1992) Farm Monitoring Handbook. NJ McKenzie, HP Cresswell and KJ Coughlan) CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood, Victoria. In: Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation For Land Evaluation. Please refer to Bulk Density-On Farm Use fact sheet for information on interpreting bulk density results and using this in total nutrient and carbon calculation.Ĭresswell HP and Hamilton (2002) Particle Size Analysis. Both the intact clod and excavation methods are described in detail by Cresswell and Hamilton (2002). The excavation or water replacement method is useful for soils that are too loose to collect an intact core or clod, or for soils containing gravel. This is important to recognise when using bulk density measurements to calculate nutrient levels on an area basis, as an over-estimation will occur. If soil has >10 % gravel or the stones are >2 cm conventional bulk density readings will be inaccurate, as most coarse fragments have bulk densities of 2.2–3.0 g/cm 3 (McKenzie et al., 2002). m / V (1) where density (kg/m 3, lb m /ft 3. Total pore space is reduced in soil with abundant gravel and plants are more susceptible to the effects of drought and waterlogging. ![]() The presence of gravel has a significant effect on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soil. It is generally desirable to have soil with a low BD (2 mm) are the coarse fragments and gravel. Both BD and porosity (V pores) give a good indication of the suitability for root growth and soil permeability and are vitally important for the soil-plant-atmosphere system (Cresswell and Hamilton, 2002 McKenzie et al., 2004). Soil BD and porosity (the number of pore spaces) reflects the size, shape and arrangement of particles and voids (soil structure). The average values of air, water and solid in soil are easily measured and are a useful indication of a soils physical condition. ![]() ![]() The total soil volume is the combined volume of solids and pores which may contain air (V air) or water (V water), or both (figure 1). The soil bulk density (BD), also known as dry bulk density, is the weight of dry soil (M solids) divided by the total soil volume (V soil). Bulk density can be used to calculate soil properties per unit area (e.g.Sandy soils are more prone to high bulk density.Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to increase with depth.Soils with a bulk density higher than 1.6 g/cm3 tend to restrict root growth.Bulk density is the weight of soil in a given volume.Actually, the exact density of water is not really 1 g/ml, but rather a bit less (very, very little less), at 0.9998395 g/ml at 4.0 Celsius (39.2 Fahrenheit). What would the liquid weigh per gallon?Įquivalent weight of a particular liquid = Specific Gravity * Equivalent Weight of WaterĮquivalent weight of the liquid alum = 1.336 x 8.34Įquivalent weight of the liquid alum = 11.14 lbs per gallonĬheck out the Test Your Knowledge – Calculating Specific Gravity and the Equivalent Weight of a Liquid post for additional practice problems. A common unit of measurement for water's density is gram per milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gram per cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3). The specific gravity of liquid alum is 1.336. You are adding liquid alum to the water to help with flocculation. Specific Gravity = equivalent weight of particular liquid The equivalent weight of a liquid is 22.3 lbs per gallon. Water has a specific gravity of 1.0, which means it weighs 8.34 lbs/gallon. Suspended solids retained on a filter may remain in suspension if their specific gravity is similar to water while very dense particles passing through the filter may settle. Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends upon the size and specific gravityof those particles. The specific gravity of a liquid is a measurement that indicates how dense a substance is by comparing it to the density of water or the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some substance (as pure water) taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by weighing in air. ![]()
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